Arizona is now the western edge of "the South"?
The tweet - with a map and headline grabbing me simultaneously - literally forced me to look into the matter further. Many people will see the news coverage over the next few days, and many will try to use it to score political points: "The South Is Essentially a Solid, Grim Block of Poverty". That was the headline on the liberal-leaning
Huffington Post - I saw it tweeted and re-tweeted by two well-known professionals who have lived and/or worked in Arizona.
There you see the Grand Canyon state as the westernmost edge of the grim block of deep South, deep blue states deepest in poverty. Of course we have a significant population living under the poverty line and we need to do better, but is it worse than in our neighbors to the north and west and is it as bad as the ingrained images we have of the rural, deep South? And, is it somehow related to being on the southern border.
Digging behind the headline, the map and the articles gives us some better perspective on the issue.
Let's begin by defining what that map shows. It shows that more than 30% of Arizonans (and people in the other deep blue states) live in census tracts where the poverty rate is 20% or greater. A census tract is a very small population area (between 1,200 and 8,000 people, generally). Thus, we are looking at a measurement of how
concentrated the state's population is in "poverty areas" - two states could have the same percentage of people living with an income below the poverty threshold and still end up with different shades of blue depending on how economically diverse the neighborhoods are.
The first anomaly - and perhaps most importantly - is the time period being measured. The map above shows a snapshot of 2010, and the article - and the Census report on which it is based - is comparing the increase in people living in poverty areas between 2000 and 2010.
Hmmm, 2010. Wouldn't that be at the height of the foreclosure crisis and the Great Recession (I don't like that moniker, but it has become the most widely-used)? The one that hit Arizona and some other previously-booming Southeastern states particularly hard? AND, the year that Arizona was in the midst of the SB1070/illegal immigration enforcement conflict?
Arizona's increase from 24.0% in 2000 to 33.4% in 2010 was only the 19th largest increase (in percentage) among the states, but we jumped two shades of blue because we were just below the 24.9% cutoff in 2000 and 3.4% above the deepest blue minimum in 2010.
The Huffington Post article does acknowledge the 2010 period, but then repeatedly uses words like "today" and verbs in the present tense to give the impression that nothing has changed in the past four years. (Of course, most Democrats and many media outlets would dispute that by showing the job growth numbers from 2009 forward.)
Arizona's economy certainly has improved since the depths of the crisis and it would be interesting to see a new map with 2014 rates. However, we might not see refreshed statistics for awhile.
The second thing that jumps out is how and where Arizona increased. Here are the county-level maps (from
the Census report on which the news articles are based) for Arizona (and the rest of the country, so that you can see the legend, title, source, etc.):
(click on map to expand it)
While a couple of Arizona counties moved from one category to another (higher) category, Maricopa County - far and away the state's most populous - jumped from "0 - 9.9%" to somewhere in the "25.0 - 49.9%" category! In other words, the percentage of the population of the Phoenix area living in a census tract with at least one-fifth of its residents in poverty climbed somewhere between 15.1 and 49.9 points.
Although it likely did not happen, the rest of the state could have improved while conditions in Maricopa County worsened to the extent that Arizona looks like it joined "the South".
Earlier, I mentioned the recession, the foreclosure crisis and the immigration issues. These issues likely all contributed to the spike in poverty concentration. The recession and the foreclosure crisis are obvious, and Maricopa County bore the brunt of the latter because it had been the center of the boom area.
Maricopa County was the also the epicenter of the illegal immigration enforcement universe (e.g. Sheriff Joe Arpaio) in the couple of years before 2010, and a number of undocumented immigrants who had been living and working in Maricopa County were leaving as a result of the recession and the enforcement; that undoubtedly added to the slowdown of the Maricopa County economy (and thus, the income levels of people remaining in the county).
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